This study is for patients that have been diagnosed with prostate cancer. The purpose of this study is to directly compare photon (X-ray) therapy and proton therapy to determine which one has better disease control and fewer patient-reported and physician-reported side effects. Participants can expect to be in this study for a minimum of 3 years and up to 10 years, depending on funding.

This study is for men with penile cancer. The sponsor wants to see if they can improve the treatment of patients with penis cancer that has spread. The purpose of this study is to test treatments which might reduce the chances of the cancer coming back. Combinations of four different treatments are being studied:
• Surgery to remove the lymph nodes in the groin near to where the cancer first appeared.
• Chemotherapy followed by surgery.
• Chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy followed by surgery.
• Surgery to remove the lymph nodes in the groin and also lymph nodes further away from where the cancer first appeared (deeper in the pelvis).

This is a phase II study that will look at the safety and effectiveness of the investigational drug opaganib in participants with metastatic prostate cancer. The study drug, opaganib has been studied in a clinical trial to find a safe dose level. The results of this clinical trial and other lab studies have indicated that opaganib may be effective at slowing tumor growth. Patients will be eligible to participate in this study if they have prostate cancer that has progressed (gotten worse) on their current therapy of either abiraterone or enzalutamide. Participants will received either 250mg or 500mg of opaganib by mouth twice a day. Patients will continue on study drug until the development of progressive disease, intolerable toxicity, withdrawal of patient consent or other event as outlined in patient discontinuation.

This study is for patients with bladder cancer. The purpose is to compare the effects, good and/or bad, of chemotherapy and radiation therapy with or without the use of atezolizumab,

This study is for patients with an advanced rare genitourinary cancer. The purpose is to test the good and bad effects of the drugs called cabozantinib, nivolumab and ipilimumab, when given in combination.

This study is for patients with invasive bladder cancer. The purpose of this study is to determine if a certain group of patients can avoid standard surgery called a radical cystectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection based on whether their tumor has a certain genetic marker and the stage of their cancer after finishing chemotherapy.

This is a research study to find out if the study drug (ASP1948 or ASP1948 plus nivolumab or pembrolizumab) is safe and to determine the safest, most effective dose of the drug. When the safe dose is identified, it will be used to evaluate if the study treatment causes tumors to shrink in patients. During this study, the study drug will be continuously assessed to determine if it is safe and tolerated by patients taking it. The following adverse events have been reported in more than 10% of patients: fatigue, abdominal pain, decreased appetite, back pain, dyspnea (difficulty breathing), hyponatraemia (low sodium levels), anemia (low red cell count), and constipation. Since these events may occur in patients not taking ASP1948 and since there have been no clinical trials comparing patients taking ASP1948 with those not taking ASP1948, it is difficult to know at this time whether they were caused by ASP1948.

This study is for men who have prostate cancer. The purpose of this study is to compare the effects, good and/or bad, of adding either prostate removal surgery or radiation therapy of the prostate to standard systemic therapy (SST), which is used to treat prostate cancer.

This study is for patients with metastatic prostate cancer receiving radium-223 as their standard of care therapy. The researchers will collect blood and urine samples from patients before, during and after the radium-223 therapy. The researchers will compare these samples to observe how the treatment has affected different cancer markers.

The overall goal of this study is to identify a safe dose of the metabolic supplement, Chitosan that can help reduce AGE (advanced glycation endproducts) levels in patients with prostate cancer. Chitosan is a naturally occurring substance found in shellfish. This study will be using Chitosan prepared from the shells of cold-water shrimp. Chitosan is approved by the FDA for use in wound dressings and has been used in published clinical trials for weight loss but is not approved for the purposes of this study. AGEs are a type of metabolite, or substance, found in food and produced in the body. The researchers helping conduct this study have found a potential link between AGE levels and cancer. Participation in this study will require three study visits over the course of about 3 months. During these visits subjects will be asked to provide blood and stool samples as well as complete surveys about their quality of life.